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Biomarker Activity Over Fast Duration
Estimated relative activity levels (0–120 hours) — hover for details, click legend to toggle
0h Not fasting
0h 24h 48h 72h 96h 120h
Modeled peak-activity window (24–72h)
Diminishing returns (72–100h)
Danger — medical refeeding (100–120h+)
⚠ THIS TOOL VISUALIZES — IT DOES NOT PRESCRIBE. The curves are estimated, illustrative relative activity levels — not measurements. Prolonged fasting carries real risks, and more so with Parkinson's: it can affect levodopa absorption and timing, blood pressure, blood sugar, and hydration. No output is medical advice. Extended fasts should be medically supervised. Always consult your physician before changing your eating or your medication schedule.
Glass Box // the corpus behind the app's AI

No black box. Every paper the model draws on is listed here — you see exactly what the app's on-device AI will read, nothing hidden. This page is a static visualizer; the on-device AI ships with the SteadyFastingTracker app, pinned to this corpus. The source code will be released for independent review.

ANCHORED The app's AI is pinned to static, versioned data — not a drifting LLM. The science cannot silently change between updates.
ON-DEVICE In the SteadyFastingTracker app, the AI model runs on your phone — no cloud, no server, all inference local.
LOCAL Your data stays on your phone by default. Become part of the solution beyond your own case: opt in to share anonymized, aggregated patterns with researchers — never your identity, never automatic, never without consent. See exactly what gets shared →
TRACEABLE Every claim the app's AI makes will cite a specific paper below. If it is not in the Glass Box, the AI will not say it.
Foundational Papers
01 Low-fat versus ketogenic diet in Parkinson's disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial Phillips et al. — Movement Disorders, 2018
02 Mitophagy in the pathogenesis and management of disease Cell Research, 2026
03 Canonical and noncanonical autophagy: involvement in Parkinson's disease Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 2025
Supplementary Research
04 The promise of GLP-1 receptor agonists for neurodegenerative diseases Journal of Clinical Investigation
05 Autophagic stress activates distinct compensatory secretory pathways in neurons Palumbos et al. — PNAS, 2025
06 Autophagy and Cellular Senescence in Alzheimer's Disease: Key Drivers of Neurodegeneration CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 2025
07 Secretory autophagy Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 2015
08 Immunologic manifestations of autophagy Journal of Clinical Investigation
09 Precision autophagy directed by receptor regulators — emerging examples within the TRIM family Kimura, Mandell & Deretic — Journal of Cell Science, 2016
10 Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in neurodegenerative and infectious diseases Deretic et al. — Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2015
11 Mapping autophagosome contents identifies interleukin-7 receptor-α as a key cargo modulating CD4+ T cell proliferation Nature Communications, 2022
12 Gut Microbiota in Autophagy Regulation: New Therapeutic Perspective in Neurodegeneration Life, 2023
13 Global trends and perspectives in mitophagy on neurodegenerative diseases: a scientometric analysis Frontiers in Medicine, 2025
Extended bibliography

The primary sources behind the fasting, autophagy, and brain-energy science above. Every entry here resolves to a verified peer-reviewed record (checked against CrossRef) or, where noted, a published book.

Autophagy & cellular renewal
Tsukada & Ohsumi — Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of S. cerevisiae.FEBS Letters, 1993
Nakatogawa, Suzuki, Kamada & Ohsumi — Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms.Nature Reviews Mol. Cell Biol., 2009
Ohsumi — Historical landmarks of autophagy research.Cell Research, 2014
Cuervo et al. — Impaired degradation of mutant α-synuclein by chaperone-mediated autophagy.Science, 2004
Kaushik & Cuervo — The coming of age of chaperone-mediated autophagy.Nature Reviews Mol. Cell Biol., 2018
Schneider & Cuervo — Autophagy and human disease: emerging themes.Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 2014
López-Otín, Blasco, Partridge, Serrano & Kroemer — The hallmarks of aging.Cell, 2013
Rubinsztein, Mariño & Kroemer — Autophagy and aging.Cell, 2011
Madeo, Eisenberg, Pietrocola & Kroemer — Spermidine in health and disease.Science, 2018
Galluzzi et al. — Autophagy in malignant transformation and cancer progression.EMBO Journal, 2015
Fasting, metabolism & longevity
Hatori, Panda et al. — Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases.Cell Metabolism, 2012
Chaix, Zarrinpar, Miu & Panda — Time-restricted feeding is a preventative and therapeutic intervention.Cell Metabolism, 2014
Zarrinpar, Chaix, Yooseph & Panda — Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome.Cell Metabolism, 2014
Wilkinson, Manoogian, Panda et al. — Ten-hour time-restricted eating in patients with metabolic syndrome.Cell Metabolism, 2020
Anson, Mattson et al. — Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury.PNAS, 2003
Stranahan & Mattson — Recruiting adaptive cellular stress responses for successful brain ageing.Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2012
Mattson, Moehl, Ghena, Schmaedick & Cheng — Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health.Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2018
Mattson — Lifelong brain health is a lifelong challenge: from evolutionary principles to empirical evidence.Ageing Research Reviews, 2015
Brandhorst, Longo et al. — A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi-system regeneration.Cell Metabolism, 2015
Longo & Mattson — Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications.Cell Metabolism, 2014
Wei, Longo et al. — Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.Science Translational Medicine, 2017
Di Francesco, Di Germanio, Bernier & de Cabo — A time to fast.Science, 2018
Cooper et al. — Ketosis suppression and ageing (KetoSAge): the effects of suppressing ketosis in long-term ketogenic diet.Int. J. Molecular Sciences, 2023
Seyfried & Shelton — Cancer as a metabolic disease.Nutrition & Metabolism, 2010
Goldhamer et al. — Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of hypertension.J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther., 2001
Goldhamer et al. — Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of borderline hypertension.J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2002
Goldhamer et al. — Prolonged water-only fasting promotes systemic inflammation and platelet activation.Molecular Metabolism, 2025
Parkinson's, ketones & brain energy
Dorsey & Bloem — The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic.J. Parkinson's Disease, 2018
Dorsey, Zafar, De Miranda et al. — Trichloroethylene: an invisible cause of Parkinson's disease?J. Parkinson's Disease, 2023
Phillips et al. — Low-fat versus ketogenic diet in Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial.Movement Disorders, 2018
Phillips — Fasting as a therapy in neurological disease.Nutrients, 2019
Cunnane et al. — Can ketones help rescue brain fuel supply in later life?Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 2016
Fortier, Cunnane et al. — A ketogenic drink improves brain energy and some measures of cognition in mild cognitive impairment.Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2019
Fortier, Cunnane et al. — A ketogenic drink improves cognition in mild cognitive impairment: results of a 6-month RCT.Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2021
Dorsey, Sherer, Okun & Bloem — Ending Parkinson's Disease.PublicAffairs, 2020 · book
GLASS_BOX_POLICY: Peer-reviewed sources here are verified against CrossRef and linked to their DOI; a few noted books are listed separately, for context. No synthetic data. No unattributed inference.